.... an explosion equal to 20,000 tons of TNT. The A-bomb was constructed, and tested by the Manhattan Project, a big United States enterprise that was established in August 1942, during World War II. It was made by a group scientist including the physicists Enrico Fermi and J. Robert Oppenheimer, and the chemist Harold Urey, and was in charge by an U.S. Army engineer, Major General Lesle Groves. After the war, the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission became in charge of all nuclear matters, including weapons research. Other types of bombs were developed to tap the energy of light elements, such as hydrogen. In these bombs the source of energy is the fusion process, in w .....

.... was coined in the 1980s by Christopher Langdon, a computer scientist at Los Alamos National Laboratory and the Santa Fe Institute. Langdon organized the first experimental workshop on the subject at Santa Fe in 1987. Since then other a-life conferences have taken place, drawing increasingly wider attention and a growing number of participants. Theoretical studies of a-life, however, had been in progress long before the 1980s. Most notably, the Hungarian-born U.S. mathematician John VON NEUMANN, one of the pioneers of computer science, had begun to explore the nature of very basic a-life formats called cellular automata (see AUTOMATA, THEORY OF) in the 1950 .....

.... scientists are “playing God.” What would the purposes of cloning be? Are some purposes just, while others are not? Cloning leads to many doubts and concerns, but for some people cloning is seen in hope and faith. The reasons behind cloning may be extremely different. Medical departments see cloning as a way of providing needed organs such as the heart and lung. Doctors might also view cloning as a way to find cures for diseases such as aids and cancer. Should people be created for the purpose of dying? Many people believe it is unjust to use animals for testing various products for humans, such as makeup and shampoo. Creating life for the simple purpose of inj .....

.... of magnesium in nature. Many soils and rocks contain compounds of magnesium in nature. Magnesium hydroxide (milk of magnesia) and magnesium sulfate (Epson salt) are well known. Milk of magnesia is used in medicine as a laxative. Magnesium is also used in artificial limbs, vacuum cleaners, snow skis, wheelbarrows, and lawn mowers. In 975AD calcium was useful for setting broken bones. There have been many uses for calcium over the years, but calcium has not been available on a large scale until the twentieth century. Calcium is a metallic element, which is fifth in abundance in the Earth’s crust. It is essential for forming leaves, bones, shells, and Por .....

.... Creatine Monohydrate is a white, odorless crystalline powder, clear and colorless in solution. With its popularity, you may find creatine at any health or sport product retailer. It sells for roughly $35 a bottle, and is distributed by many manufacturers. Creatine serves as an energy reserve in muscle cells. Muscular contraction is powered by the breakdown of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) to ADP (adenosinediphosphate). When all the ATP is broken down, creatine phosphate in the muscle donates a phosphate group to ADP, and further energy reactions can occur. Creatine Monohydrate is a precursor to creatine phosphate. By supplementing with CM, CP levels .....

.... our nation and planet will eventually become uninhabitable. In order to prevent this, we need a new primary energy source that is environmentally benign. This source is renewable energy and is already readily available. The increased use of renewable energy, mainly wind and solar energy, and reduction of dependence on oil is the best way to solve our current energy dilemma. For the past fifty years, fossil fuels have been the main source of energy in the U.S. They are a great source of power, but unfortunately they also have many setbacks. The finite reserves of fossil fuels are being depleted at a rate one hundred thousand times faster than they are being .....

.... of interconnected computer networks that include 1.7 million host computers around the world. The basis of connecting all these computers together is by the use of ordinary telephone wires. Users are then directly joined to other computer users at there own will for a small connection fee per month. The connection conveniently includes unlimited access to over a million web sites twenty-four hours a day, seven days a week. Since the can be accessed by millions of people all time, it would be a great incentive for businesses. The can help businesses in number of extraordinary ways. First, the is an excellent way to make business information available to possi .....

.... PGAL) is the more readily used of the two. Dihydroxyacetone phosphate can be converted into GAP by the enzyme Isomerase. The end of the glycolysis process yields two pyruvic acid (3-C) molecules, and a net gain of 2 ATP and two NADH per glucose. Anaerobic Pathways Under anaerobic conditions, the absence of oxygen, pyruvic acid can be routed by the organism into one of three pathways: lactic acid fermentation, alcohol fermentation, or cellular (anaerobic) respiration. Humans cannot ferment alcohol in their own bodies, we lack the genetic information to do so. These biochemical pathways, with their myriad reactions catalyzed by reaction-specific enzymes .....