Part 1 of Essay
was a political response to industrialization and its social by-products: immigration, urban growth, the concentration of corporate power, and widening of class divisions. It was in most cases distinct from populism, the reform movement that preceded it. Whereas populism attracted aggrieved farmers, ’s strength lay in ....

Part 2 of Essay
.... progressives concentrated on schemes for reforming the structure of government, especially at the municipal level. Some reformers, viewing immigration, urban immortality, and incipient social disorder as the central problems, fought for immigration restriction, the abolition of prostitution and saloons, and other social-control strategies. Like the movement itself, the progressives comprised a diverse lot, aligned in shifting coalitions that might unite on one issue, then divide on another. The native-born P ....