Part 1 of Essay
gained popularity because many intellectuals, artists, and political thinkers in the late 19th century began to reject the philosophical emphasis on rationality and progress that had emerged from the 18th-century movement the Enlightenment. These two trends had many effects. For example, new forms of popular racism and n ....

Part 2 of Essay
.... which had only become nation-states in the 19th century and whose parliamentary traditions were weak. is a form of counter-revolutionary politics that first arose in the early part of the twentieth-century in Europe. It was a response to the rapid social upheaval, the devastation of World War I, and the Bolshevik Revolution. This right-wing philosophy will even advocate violent action to maintain this loyalty which is held in such high regards. approaches politics in two central areas, populist and elitist. Popu ....