.... should be interpreted, even the reading of the bible was discouraged. There also was the "indulgences" issued by the clergy, which was in essence a "passport to heaven". This out-raged some people like Martin Luther who stressed an individual interpretation of the bible, in books like Freedom of a Christian, stressing salvation by faith alone. This first division of the church in to Protestant caused many more religious groups to form on each interpretation of the bible. The next important long-term change, Capitalism stemmed from Calvinism. Calvinism was a religious movement which believed in the individuals responsibility to reorga .....

.... 18th century. Before the end of the first administration of George Washington in 1793, party alignments of national consequence began to form. Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton was the master politician of the Federalist Party. Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson, with help from his fellow Virginian, Representative James Madison, began the first respectable opposition in national affairs. They were called the Democratic-Republican Party, also known as the Jeffersonians. Jefferson spoke about the interests of farmers, veterans, and urban immigrants and was in favor of minimum government, maximum liberty, alliance with France, and easy credit for de .....

.... progressively further South from Alaska each year, wanted to hunt the otter for their soft, dense, beautiful pelts. England and France were interested in general expansion. The second and main reason that the Missions were founded were the fact that certain religious Spaniards wanted to convert the heathen California Indians. For these purposes the California Missions were started. The trip to Alta California was to be a great journey and took much preparation. A man by the name of Jose Galvez was appointed inspector general of New Spain. Galvez carefully chose two men to lead the expedition. The first, Gaspar de Portola was to lead the soldiers. The secon .....

.... already a period of trouble and crisis, the plague provoked problems and added new ones, and the crisis worsened. The swiftness of the disease, the terrible agony, and the grotesque appearance of the victims, all served to make the plague particularly ghastly. With the loss of about one-third of Europe’s population, serious political, social, and economic problems arose. Politically the plague didn’t have much effect on Europe. The Hundred Years’ War was being fought, and the plague added more fatalities to the war. The war was suspended and the fighting stopped in 1348 because of the number of soldiers that died. But it soon enough started back .....

.... history of many of the lesser ancient civilizations, a look into the development of the relatively well documented cultures of Mesopotamia, Egypt, Greece, and Rome provides the most concrete evidence of geographical influence. Chronologically, the area of Mesopotamia, the land "between two rivers", seems an appropriate starting point for such analysis. Mesopotamia lies in the area between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, often referred to as the Fertile Crescent. Although this area receives little rain, the sporatic and frequently violent spring-time flooding of the two rivers provide for the replenishment of the regions soil. Harsh deserts border Mesopota .....

.... of the . The presidential leadership of Lincoln will be revealed as the major influence over the other three factors. According to Robert Krick, an interviewee of Carl Zebrowski's article "Why the South Lost the Civil War," "the basic problem was numbers. Give Abraham Lincoln seven million men and give Jefferson Davis and Robert E. Lee twenty-one million, cognitive dissonance doesn't matter, European recognition doesn't matter, the Emancipation Proclamation and its ripple effect don't matter. Twenty-one to seven is a very different thing then seven to twenty-one" (Zebrowski 223). Despite the North's enormous population advantage over the South during the .....

.... A) The trading routes came from as far as Southeast Asia to North Africa. Two centuries after Constantinople was built, emperors in Constantinople still ruled the eastern part of the old Roman Empire. They still ruled this because Constantinople was a major trade route into the eastern part, and the troops in Constantinople could reach the eastern part quickly. The move to Constantinople was very wise and very effective. Constantinople had some advantages as a crossroads, such as trade, political power, defense and for the spread of culture. (Doc. B) Nearly 300,000 people made their permanent homes in Constantinople. (Doc. C) The placement of Constant .....

.... camps fused into one. The most potent and efficient way of mass murder was the gas chamber. That is if you lasted the trip there. But the most insulting part of the whole ordeal to the Jewish was being burned in one of the many Crematoriums. The Nazis established Auschwitz in April 1940 under the direction of Heinrich Himmler, chief of two Nazi organizations-the Nazi guards known as the Schutzstaffel (SS), and the secret police known as the Gestapo. The camp at Auschwitz originally housed political prisoners from occupied Poland and from concentration camps within Germany. Construction of nearby Birkenau (Brzenzinka), also known as Auschwitz II, began in Oct .....